ASTRONOMY - SOLAR SYSTEM

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SOLAR SYSTEM

Chapter 1: The Definition of the Solar System

          The solar system is a collection of celestial bodies consisting of a star called the Sun and all objects bound by their gravitational forces. Objects that are bound by the force of gravity from sun, that is eight planets (already known) that have elliptical orbits, five dwarf or dwarf planets, about 173 natural satellites of identified planets, and thousands to millions of other celestial bodies (meteors, comets and asteroids). According to experts, the solar system has an age of about 4.568 billion years. Our solar system lies within the Milky Way, precisely in the fingers of Orion-Cygnus, and within the local interstellar cloud. 

          The Solar System is divided into the Sun, the four inner planets, the asteroid belt, the four outer planets, and in the outermost are Kuiper belts and scattered plates. Based on the division of the planet is divided into two types, namely the inner planet which is a planet with elements of solid (terrestrial), namely: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars and outer planets consisting of gas and gas, namely: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune . The inner planets and outer planets are limited by the asteroid belt.

          The boundary of the solar system is the "Oort Cloud" is thought to lie in the furthest area which is about a thousand times beyond the outermost part. In the next chapter, we will continue the explanation of our Solar System. 

Chapter 2 : The Origin of The Solar System 

          The phenomenon of the solar system is often raises questions to scientists about how the origin of this solar system. So many scientists who formulate the origin of the solar system by bringing up various theories, 4 of them are as follows : 

a) Fog Theory (Nebula Theory), proposed by Immanuel Kant, Piere Simon Laplace, Chamberlin,

    and Moulton (1905) who assume that the solar system comes from a mist composed of hydrogen

    and helium gas. The gravitational force it possesses causes the fog to shrink and rotate in a certain

    direction, the temperature of the fog heats up, and eventually becomes the giant star (sun). The

    gigantic sun continues to shrink and spin faster, and gas and ice rings are flung around the sun. Due

    to the force of gravity, the gases solidify along with the decrease in temperature and form the inner

    and outer planets. 

b) The theory of tides and lows, tidal theory, proposed by James H.
     Jeans and Harold Jeffres (1919) who is the English scientist.
    Revealing the Tidal Theory "That in ancient times, close to the Sun,
    through a great star. Because of the star's attraction force, a portion of
    the solar mass forms a bulge toward the star. Then, as the star away,
    the bulge of the sun's mass attracted the cigar, then released
    from the sun. The gas mass that formed formed disjointed forming
   giant droplets of different sizes. The gas droplets gradually freeze to
   form a Planet. "


c) The theory of twin star, proposed by R.A Lyttleton which suggests that the sun comes from
    a twin star where the two stars that surround the center of gravity. A star passes close to the sun,
    possibly destroying it, and turning it into a massive mass of gas circling. The surviving star will be
    the sun, while the impact victims change and evolve into planets
d) The Proto Planet theory, was put forward by Carl Von Weizsatecker, G.P. Kniper, and
    Subrahmanyan Chandarasekhar. According to Planet Proto Theory, it is explained "That around the
    sun there is a gas mist that forms clumps and evolves gradually into solid clumps. The gas fog is
    called Proto Planet."

Chapter 3 : Parts of the Solar System 

          In the previous chapter, we discussed the understanding of the solar system. In this chapter you will be given materials of parts of the solar system. It has also been mentioned that in the solar system there are heavenly bodies. Here are the heavenly bodies that are parts of the solar system.
A) The "Sun"

               The sun is a giant ball made up of hydrogen and helium gas. The sun includes a white star

     that acts as the center of the solar system. The sun appears to have a yellow color on the earth, due

     to the refraction of blue light in the atmosphere. Its diameter is about 1,392,684 km,

     approximately109 times the diameter of the Earth, and its mass is about 2 × 1030 kilograms,

    equivalent to 330,000 times the Earth's mass representing approximately 99.86% of the total mass

    of the Solar System. 

              Chemically, approximately three-quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen, while

    the rest is dominated by helium. The remainder of the mass (1.69%, equivalent to 5,629 times the

    mass of the Earth) consists of heavy elements such as oxygen, carbon, neon, iron, and others. The

    sun's classification, based on its spectral class, is the main sequence star G (G2V) and is often

   classified as a yellow dwarf, since radiation appears to be more intense in the yellow-red portion of

   the spectrum. The sun is composed of four layers as follows : 

   1) The core of the sun, where the occurrence of fusion reactions that have a very high temperature,

        reaching approximately 15,000,000 Celsius Degrees. 

   2) The photosphere, which is the part of the sun that we can see (not recommended directly) is

       composed of a gas that has a temperature of approximately 5000 Celsius Degrees. 

   3) The chromosphere, which is a solar atmosphere composed largely of hydrogen gas. At the time

       of the total solar eclipse, this section will appear as a red bracelet that surrounds the sun during

       the moon's cover. 

   4) The corona, a layer of sun that looks clear like a "cow's eye egg" during a solar eclipse. The

       corona has a temperature of 1 to 2 million Kelvins. 

B. The Planet 

              The planet is a non-luminous celestial body that surrounds the sun with certain circulars.

     Until now the planet in the solar system has been eight (since Pluto was removed from the type of

     planet and inserted into a dwarf planet). Planet can be grouped into several parts as follows : 

     1) Based on the path of the asteroid belt, the planet is classified into two, namely as follows : 

         a) Inner planet, which is a planet that has an average distance smaller than the path of the

             asteroid belt. It consists of planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. 

         b) Outer planet, which is a planet that has an average distance greater than the path of the

              asteroid belt. It consists of planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. 

     2) Based on the size and constituent components, the planet is classified into two, namely as

         follows : 

         a) Terrestrial planets, a type of planet that has a solid element, this type of planet usually has a

             smaller size than joovian planets. It consists of planets : Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. 

         b) Planet Jovian, is a planet composed of gas, so often called a giant gas ball. It consists of

             planets : Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. 

     3) Based on the earth as a barrier, divided into two namely the following : 

         a) Planet interior, is a planet that is located in the inner orbit of the earth, it consist of planets : 

             Mercury and Venus. 

         b) Planet superior,  is a planet that is outside the orbit of the earth, it consist of planets : Mars,

             Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

             Based on the previous explanation, that the planet has a circular. Here is a development of

     theories related to the planetary circulatory system, as follows below : 

     1) Geocentric theory, proposed by Ptolomus (believed until the 14th century) who assume that the

          earth is the center of the solar system and the center of the circulation of celestial bodies. 

     2) Heliocentric theory, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus who assume that the sun is the center of

         the solar system and the planets move around it. 

             All planets must have different rotation and revolution periods. Here we provide a list of the
     rotation and revolution periods of the planets in the solar system.

C) Comet 
             Comets are also often referred to as a tailed star. Comet is an interplanetary object consisting
     of very solid ice. When he approaches the sun, it will emit gas and form a long tail can reach 1 AU
     that direction away from the sun because of the solar wind impulse and radiation pressure. Comets
     have various orbital shapes, such as: parabola, ellipse, and hyperbole. The comet consists of parts
     of the core, hydrogen clouds, and tail. The most famous comet and can be seen with the naked eye
     is Halley's Comet that appears every 76 years.
D) Satellites 
            Satellites are celestial bodies orbiting other celestial bodies that have a greater gravity. Planet
    Mercury and Planet Venus does not have satellites because the distance is too dense with the sun.
    Satellites are divided into two, namely natural satellites and artificial satellites. Here is a list of the
    number of natural satellites per planet (except Mercury and Venus).
    a) The Earth have 1 natural satellites, it is moon
    b) The Mars have 2 natural satellites, there are Phobos and Deimos
    c) The Jupiter have 69 natural satellites, with Ganymede for the biggest satellites
    d) The Saturn have 61 natural satellites, with Titan for the biggest satellites
    e) The Uranus have 27 natural satellites, with Titania for the biggest satellites
    f) The Neptune have 13 natural satellites, with Triton for the biggest satellites
    Artificial satellites are created by humans for various purposes, such as: communications, weather
    radar, research heavenly bodies, military, etc.
E) Meteor (Shooting Stars)
             Meteors can also be called shooting stars are rock fragments that are in outer space and
    continue to circulate in space. Meteors can come from comet fractions. Meteors that rub against the
    Earth's atmosphere will produce heat that can burn out meteors.
F) Meteoroid and Meteorites
   Meteoroids are small celestial bodies that also orbit the sun with irregular circles. If the meteoroids
are exposed to the gravity of another planet, then he will be interested. Meteoroids that do not burn out in the atmosphere and fall to the earth are called meteorites. Meteorites have two types, namely meteorite rocks and meteorite metals.

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