GEOLOGY - PARTS OF THE EARTH

SCIENCIERS GROUP PRESENT

THE PARTS OF THE EARTH 

God Almighty created all the wonderful universes, both known and unknown. One of his beautiful gifts is the creation of the Earth which is the home of living beings. Therefore by supposedly, we know in advance the parts of this planet (Earth). All right, let's we start the materi.

Atmosphere 

              Literally, the atmosphere comes from the Greek word "atmos" which means gas and
     "sphaira" which means layer. So, the atmosphere is the layer of gas or air that envelopes the earth

     The thickness of Earth's atmosphere reaches 560 km above sea level. The main function of the
     existence of the atmosphere is to support the living creatures, namely the process of breathing in
     the body. In addition, the atmosphere also has a function to dispel the earth from meteor attack,

     protect from exposure to harmful rays from the sun, and the reason radio waves can be reflected

     away from the earth. 

              The atmosphere also works as a protector of life on earth from a very strong solar energy

     during the day and prevents heat loss into space at night. Without the atmosphere, the earth's

     temperature will rise to 93.3°C during the day and drop to -148.9°C at night.
              The atmosphere layer is a mixture of invisible gases. By volume, the earth's atmosphere 
    comprises 78.08% of Nitrogen gas (N), 20.95% Oxygen (O₂), 0.93% Argon (Ar), 0.03% carbon
    dioxide (CO₂), and various other gases in small amount. Other gases contained in atmospheric
    layers with very low volumes include Neon (Ne), Helium (He), Krypton (Kr), Hydrogen (H),
    Xenon (Xe), and Ozone (O₃). The atmosphere also have many parts, as follow :
    1) Troposphere 
                The Troposphere is part of the atmosphere that lies closest to the earth. Troposphere
       thickness varies according to place. In the khatuslitiwa thickness of the troposphere reaches 0-16
       km, while in the polar regions only reaches 0 - 8 km. The boundary between the troposphere and
       the stratophere phere is called the tropopause.
                In this section every 1000 meter rise in air temperature will drop 6,4 degrees Celsius. I
        this section every 1000 meter rise in air temperature will drop 6.4 degrees Celsius. Weather is
        restricted to this tropospheric layer and removes all types of clouds within these atmosphere.
    2) Stratosfer 
                   The Stratosphere is an atmospheric part consisting of ozone (O₃) capable of absorbing
        ultraviolet waves. This layer is located at an altitude of 20 - 70 km above sea level. The
        temperature in the lower stratosphere (isotherm layer) is relatively stable and very cold -70^oF 
        (-57^oC). In this layer is getting up, then the temperature of the air will be warmer. In this part of
        the atmosphere, the process of rain formation occurs.
                       In this layer a very strong wind occurs with a particular flow pattern. Here also the
        aircraft flying jet engine. This is meant to avoid weather disturbance. At a height of about 40 km
        The temperature at this layer can reach about 18^oC. 
    3) Mesosphere 
                   The mesosphere is a part of the atmosphere that is often passed by a meteor. Meteors
        usually burn out when rubbing against this layer, but not infrequently there are also meteors that
        hit the earth called a meteorite. This layer serves to protect the earth from the object's outer
        space and prevent harmful radiation from the sun. The location of the mesosphere is at an
        altitude of 40 - 70 km above sea level.
                  The mesosphere has an ionic layer or an electrically charged air called layer D located at a
        height of 50-70 km above the earth. This is caused by the presence of ultraviolet light in air
        molocules that meet with electrons or negative electrical charges. Ozone is also present in the
        mesosphere, which occurs due to the influence of ultra violet and X-rays on oxygen.
                     At a height of 50 km the temperature becomes 0 ° C. The temperature drops again as the
        altitude increases, to about 143 ° C near the top of this layer, which is approximately 81 km
        above the earth's surface. Temperatures as low as this allow for the occurrence of cloud
        noctilucent, which is formed from ice crystals.
    4) Thermosphere
                        Thermosphere, consisting of two words, namely: "thermo" which means heat and
       "sphaira" which means layer. So the thermosphere is the hotest part of the atmosphere, even a
       significant rise in temperature reaches 1982^oC. The atmosphere is also called the ionosphere,
       because it can reflect radio waves, either long waves, medium waves, or short waves. The
       atmosphere can reflect waves, because ultraviolet radiation causes a chemical reaction to form an
       electrically charged layer.
                        The atmosphere is at an altitude of 70 - 400 km above sea level. The density of the
       thermosphere is very low, less than a million of the air density on the earth's surface. However,
       although thin, air in the thermosphere can burn meteors at a height of 300 km.
    5) Exosphere
                         Exosphere, is the outermost atmosphere possessed by the earth. The exosphere is at
        an altitude of 400 - 560 km above sea level. This outer layer of the atmosphere extends into the
        sky and blends into the atmosphere and solar radiation.
                         Gas in this area is very very thin. Hydrogen is the most important constituent element.
        Dim light appears in this layer area. Known as zodiacal light and gegenschein, this dim light is
        actually a reflection of the sunlight reflected by countless meteoric dust particles and hanging
        near the earth. This layer is the heaviest layer and the air molecule can leave the
        atmosphere to a height of 3.150 km from the earth's surface. This layer is often called inter
        planetary and geostationary space. This layer is very dangerous, because it is where the
        destruction of meteors from outer space.

Lithosphere

                 The lithosphere comes from Greek, from the word "lithos" which means rock and
     "sphaira" which means layer.  So the lithosphere is a layer of the earth's crust in the form of solids.
     The lithosphere has a thickness of up to 1,200 km. The lithosphere consists of two parts, namely :
     alumina silicon layer and magnesium silicon. According to Klarke and Washington the following
     is a table of elements of the constituent lithosphere.

                The lithosphere has a meaning of rock layers. Based on the way it formed, the rocks can be
     divided into 3, as follows :

1. Frozen rock, is a rock formed from frozen incandescent magma. Frozen rocks consist of mineral content, such as: quartz, feldspar, pirosin, hornblende, magnetic, mica, etc. Based on where it formed, frozen rock are divided into three types, as follows : 
1. Deep frozen rock is a rock formed from magma that froze slowly. For example: diorite, gabbro, and granite.
2. Outer frozen rock is a rock formed from some of the magma that has reached the surface of the earth. Examples: andesite, pumice, basalt, riolin, obsidian, pumivce, scoria, and others.
3. Choke frozen rocks, are rocks formed from magma trapped in the cracks of volcanoes. Examples: porphyry diorite and porphyry granite
2. Sedimentary rocks are rocks that occur due to the sedimentation process of other rock grains which are released due to natural placement. This type of sedimentary rock can be grouped into three kind, as follows :
1. Based on the origin of its formation, can be grouped again into three kind, as follow : 
1. Aeolis sedimentary rock, is a sedimentary rock that occur due precipitation by the wind. Examples : sand stone, breccia stone, and conglomerate stone. 
2. Glacial sedimentary rock, is a sedimentary rock that occur due precipitation by the snow or ice. Example : moraine stone. 
3. Aquatic sedimentary rock, is a sedimentary rock that occur due precipitation by the water. Examples : sand stone, breccia stone, conglomerate stone, and the clay. 
2. Based on the process of its formation, can be group again into three kind, as follow : 
1. Classic sedimentary rock, is a sedimentary rock that have the same chemical composition as their original rock. Examples : sand stone and clay stone. 
2. Organic sedimentary rock, is a sedimentary rock that occur due precipitation by the microorganism. Examples : bitumen, breccia stone, and conglomerate stone. 
3. Chemical sedimentary rock, is a sedimentary rock that occur due precipitation by the chemical process. Examples : stalactite and stalagmite. 
3. Based on the place deposition, can be group again into four kind, as follow : 
1. Continental sedimentary rock, is a sedimentary rock that deposited on the land. Examples : sand stone and desert stone. 
2. Fluvial sedimentary rock, is a sedimentary rock that deposited in the river or on the along way of rivers. Examples : river sand, clay, etc. 
3. Limnis sedimentary rock, is a  sedimentary rock that deposited in lakes or swamps. Example : clay around the lakes or swamps. 
4. Sea sedimentary rock, is a sedimentary rock that deposited in the sea. Example : coral reef. 
3. Metamorphic rock, is a rock formed from sedimentary rock and frozen rock due to the process of metamorphosis. The type of metamorphic rock can be group into the three kind, as follow : 
1. Thermic metamorphic rock, is a metamorphic rock that occur due to changes base on the temperature. Examples : anthracite stone and marble stone. 
2. Dynamic metamorphic rock, is a metamorphic rock that occur due to pressure from tectonic forces. Examples : coal and slate. 
3. Neumatolytic fermic metamorphic rock, is a metamorphic rock that occur due to increased temperature and shrinkage of magma in the rock. Examples : mineral azurite stone, topaz stone, and gem stone. 

Earth Coat (Stiffer Mantle) 

      The mantle is part of the earth planet or other celestial body that is large enough to be able to experience differentiation based on density. Like other earth planets, the inside of the Earth is chemically divided into layers. Coat is the layer between the crust and the outer core. The Earth's Coat is a rocky layer with a depth of about 2900 km (1800 mi) and covers almost 84% of the earth's volume. The upper mantle of the Earth can be divided into two: the inner asthenosphere consisting of rocks that flow with a depth of about 200 km and the lowest part of the lithosphere which consists of hard rocks with a depth of between 50 and 120 km. 

         The upper coat is at a depth of 400 km with a layer that is plastic and semiplastic. This is because the temperature and pressure in the upper mantle are in equilibrium. The bottom coat is solid with a depth of 2900 km containing iron and minerals SIMA, at the bottom of the temperature layer can reach 3000 ºC. The layer is solid due to the pressure from the layer above it. 

Outer Core 

        The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer with a thickness of about 2266 km (1408 mi), consisting of iron and nickel which is located above the core inside and below the mantle. The outer boundary is around 2266 km (1408 mi) below the surface of the Earth. 

          The outside core temperature ranges from 4300 K (4030 ° C; 7280 ° F) on the outside to 6000 K (5730 ° C; 10340 ° F)) near the inner core. Because of its high temperature, the outer core forms a fluid with a low viscosity level (about 10 times lower than the viscosity of molten metal on the Earth's surface). Eddy currents found in nickel iron fluid in the outer core are believed to have affected the Earth's magnetic field. The average magnetic field strength in the outer core is around 2.5 millitesla, 50 times stronger than the magnetic field on the surface. Sulfur and oxygen are also found in the outer core. Convection of molten metal in the outer core creates the Earth's magnetic field. 

Earth Core 

        The nucleus in the Earth is the innermost, spherical solid with radius of about 1,220 km, according to seismology studies. The length of the core radius in the Earth is about 70% of the radius of the moon. It is believed that the core in the Earth consists of a mixture of iron-nickel, and the temperature at the core in the Earth is estimated to be the same as the surface temperature of the Sun, around 5,700 Kelvin (5,430 ° C). 

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